dys- +

1. Imperfect formation of spermatozoa.
2. A disorder of spermatozoon formation.

1. In psychology, of or relating to ideas, behaviors, or impulses that are unacceptable to the ego or self.
2. Pertaining to something repulsive to the individual's self-image.

Faulty growth or development of the epidermis (the outermost and nonvascular layer of the skin).

Esophageal spasm causing dysphagia.

1. A rare genetic condition which causes muscles and other connective tissue to turn into bone, eventually causing immobility as the FOP bone fuses bodily joints.
2. A mutation of the body's repair mechanism causes fibrous tissue (including muscle, tendon, and ligament) to be ossified (turned into bone) when damaged.

In many cases they can cause joints to become permanently "frozen in place". The growths cannot be removed with surgery because such action causes the body to "repair" the area of surgery with more bone.

During years of development, as more bone grows and the patient loses mobility in more and more joints, it often becomes impossible for him or her to reach out, walk, eat, or even breathe.

The disease is usually fatal as the excessive bone structures crush the internal organs. People with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva usually lose all mobility by the age of 30 and die by the age of 40 and there still is no known cure.

FOP disease was so rare, no one wanted to deal with it

Dr. Fred Kaplan can't stop thinking about his kids. Daytime, nighttime, weekends. Their pictures cover his office walls; their smiles line the hallway of his lab at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia.

• Their letters ("Your the best Dr. in the howl wild wirld") hang next to his desk, displayed more proudly than any medical degree or award.
• Kaplan's kids are his patients, children with a rare and immobilizing disease called fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
• The first time he saw a child with FOP, says Kaplan, "it had the emotional impact of an atom bomb."
• FOP, which strikes roughly one in two million people worldwide, causes muscle and tendon to morph into hardened bone, imprisoning children in a second skeleton.
• The horror of the disorder—shoulders, hips and jaws fuse into locked positions—propels Kaplan's scientific mission.
• The children, whose average life span is 45, drive his devotion.
• Kaplan, 54, has spent more than 15 years unraveling the molecular and genetic blueprints of FOP.
• Early on, his colleagues told him he was wasting his time on a disease that afflicts fewer than 300 people in the United States, but Kaplan powered on.

"It was a compelling problem screaming for a solution," Dr. Kaplan said, and nobody else was helping to solve the problem.

• In April, 2006, Kaplan, along with his colleague Dr. Eileen Shore, his team at the University of Pennsylvania and international collaborators, found the key to the cause: they pinpointed a single gene mutation—one letter out of six billion in the human genome—that causes the runaway bone growth of FOP.
• Uncovering the "master key to the skeleton," as Kaplan calls it, could have dramatic implications.
• With a genetic target in hand, scientists may be able to design a drug that turns off the bone-growth switch in FOP.
• The discovery could also have an impact well beyond FOP, stopping the complication of extra bone growth after hip replacements or spinal-cord injuries.
• One day, says Kaplan, the skeleton key might even allow researchers to grow bone in a controlled way, helping people who suffer from osteoporosis or fractures that fail to heal.
• A rare disease? Yes, but as Kaplan suspected from the very beginning, one with universal applications.
• As of now, there is no cure for FOP, no way to stop the explosion of new bone, which is exacerbated by falls, bruises, injections, and surgery.
• Even today, few doctors know about the disease—close to 90 percent of patients are initially given incorrect diagnoses, including cancer.
• Medical help for FOP comes at no cost—Kaplan has never charged an FOP patient.
• "I find it unconscionable," he says. "Who else are they going to turn to?"
• Kaplan's salary comes from the university and an endowed chair; the majority of his research dollars are raised by FOP families at barbecues, golf tournaments, and garage sales.
• Last year's total: $1.2 million.
• Kaplan says he won't quit until there's an effective treatment and a cure.

Fibrous dysplasia of bone involving only one bone.

Fibrous dysplasia of bone affecting several or many bones.

When associated with melanotic pigmentation of the skin and endocrine disorders, it is known as Albright's syndrome; which is a condition of cystic bone growth that results from abnormal bone development. It may occur with bone lesions, skin pigmentation, and endocrine abnormalities.

A disease of bone marked by the thinning of the cortex and replacement of bone marrow by gritty fibrous tissue containing bony spicules (sharp-pointed pieces), producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity.

Only one bone may be involved (fibrous dysplasia, monostotic) or several (fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic).

An unpleasant sensation derived from touching certain objects.

Underdevelopment of one lateral half of the body.

Any disease or abnormal condition of the blood and hemopoietic tissues, exclusive of simple transitory changes.

A figure of speech in which two words connected by a conjunction are used to express a single notion that would normally be expressed by an adjective and a noun [or expressed by two nouns or two adjectives joined, rather than by an adjective-noun combination] such as "grace and favor" instead of "gracious favor"; or as Virgil wrote: "We drink from cups and gold" (instead of "golden cups").

The apparent difficulty in walking seen in hysterical individuals, often characterized by marked swaying, zigzag steps, superfluous movements, and faked falling by which the person dramatizes the disability.

Atrophy (weakening or lessening) of fat at the sites of insulin injection.

Dystonia of the smooth muscles (muscle tissue that contracts without voluntary control found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and hair follicles).

Dystonia refers to the involuntary movements and prolonged muscle contraction, resulting in twisting body motions, tremor, and abnormal posture. These movements may involve the entire body, or only an isolated area.